Based on the Upanishads and systematized by Badarayana (1st century BCE) in his Brahma Sutras, Vedānta (or Uttara Mīmāṃsā) investigates the nature of Brahman (ultimate reality) and its relation to the individual soul (ātman). It has numerous sub-schools including Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), and Dvaita (dualism).
Propounded by Ramanuja (11th century CE), this Vedāntic school teaches that the individual souls and matter are attributes or modes of Brahman, which is identified with Vishnu. While reality is unified, differences between God, souls, and matter are real and not illusory.
Systematized by Patañjali (2nd century BCE) in the Yoga Sutras, this school builds upon Sāṃkhya metaphysics while focusing on practical methodology. It offers an eight-limbed (ashtanga) path for controlling the mind and bodily activities to achieve liberation (kaivalya) through meditation and self-discipline.
Developed by Asanga and Vasubandhu (4th-5th centuries CE), this Mahayana Buddhist school teaches that reality is ultimately mind-only (cittamatra). It analyzes consciousness into eight types and examines how our perceptions construct our experience of the world.