Narayana

Narayana: The Primordial Waters and Source of Creation in Hinduism

Introduction

Narayana is a significant deity in Hinduism, widely considered to be a form of Vishnu, one of the principal gods of the Hindu Trinity (Trimurti). He represents the cosmic waters, known as Nara, and is revered as the source of all creation. Depicted reclining on the serpent Shesha in the cosmic ocean, Narayana embodies tranquility, power, and the ultimate reality underlying the manifested universe. His iconography often includes representations of divine attributes such as the conch, discus, lotus, and mace, symbolizing his role as the sustainer and preserver of the cosmos. Narayana holds paramount importance in Vaishnavism, where he is often considered the Supreme Being from whom all other deities emanate.

Etymology and Names

• Narayana: The name “Narayana” is derived from the Sanskrit words Nara (water) and Ayana (abode). It literally translates to “He who resides in the waters” or “He whose abode is the waters.” This refers to the primordial waters from which the universe originated, and Narayana’s resting place upon them before the dawn of creation. The name signifies his role as the unmanifest origin of all existence.

• Other Names and Titles:

  • Hari: (Remover of sins) – A common name for Vishnu, also applicable to Narayana.
  • Ananta-Shayana: (One who sleeps on Ananta) – Referring to his posture reclining on the serpent Shesha (Ananta).
  • Purushottama: (The Supreme Being) – Emphasizing his status as the ultimate reality.
  • Vishnu: (The Preserver) – Narayana is often considered a form or aspect of Vishnu.
  • Lokanatha: (Lord of the Worlds) – Highlighting his governance over the entire universe.
  • Madhava: (Consort of Lakshmi) – Indicating his relationship with the goddess of prosperity and fortune.
  • Jagannatha: (Lord of the Universe) - Particularly associated with the famous Jagannath temple in Puri.

Mythological Origins

Narayana’s origins are deeply intertwined with the Hindu cosmology. According to the Puranas, before the creation of the universe, there was only a vast ocean of cosmic waters. From this primordial ocean, Narayana emerged, resting on the multi-headed serpent Shesha (also known as Ananta). From his navel sprang a lotus, and from the lotus, Brahma, the creator god, manifested. Thus, Narayana is seen as the ultimate source of Brahma and, consequently, the entire creation.

While Narayana is often identified with Vishnu, some traditions consider Narayana as the fundamental principle from which Vishnu and other deities arise. He is not typically depicted with parents or siblings in a direct lineage as earthly beings are. Instead, he is considered Swayambhu – self-existent and uncreated. His avatars, however, are often described with detailed parentage narratives, depending on the specific incarnation.

Major Scriptures and References

• Vedas: While the name Narayana is not explicitly prominent in the early Vedas, the seeds of the concept can be found in references to the cosmic waters and the primordial being.
• Upanishads: The Narayana Upanishad is entirely devoted to Narayana. It identifies Narayana as the supreme Brahman, the ultimate reality. It states that all the gods, including Brahma, Shiva, and Indra, originate from Narayana.
• Puranas: The Puranas, particularly the Bhagavata Purana and Vishnu Purana, extensively elaborate on Narayana’s stories, avatars, and significance. These texts provide detailed accounts of his role in creation, preservation, and the cyclical dissolution and recreation of the universe.
• Mahabharata: Narayana is a key figure in the Mahabharata. Krishna, a major character and avatar of Vishnu/Narayana, imparts profound philosophical teachings in the Bhagavad Gita, which is part of the Mahabharata. He reveals his divine form as Narayana to Arjuna, underscoring his supreme nature.
• Ramayana: Although the Ramayana focuses on Rama, another avatar of Vishnu/Narayana, Narayana’s influence is present through the narrative’s emphasis on dharma and divine intervention.
• Vishnu Sahasranama: This hymn, found in the Mahabharata, consists of 1,000 names of Vishnu, each representing a specific aspect or quality of Narayana. Recitation of the Vishnu Sahasranama is considered a highly meritorious act of devotion.

Roles and Functions

• Cosmic Roles: Narayana primarily fulfills the role of the preserver and sustainer of the universe. While Brahma creates and Shiva destroys, Narayana maintains cosmic order (dharma) and intervenes when necessary to restore balance. He is also considered the underlying principle behind the cyclical nature of creation, preservation, and destruction.
• Association with Dharma, Karma, Moksha: Narayana is deeply connected to the concepts of dharma (righteous conduct), karma (action and consequence), and moksha (liberation). He embodies dharma, constantly upholding it and guiding beings towards righteous paths. His avatars often appear to restore dharma and vanquish evil. Devotion to Narayana and adherence to dharma are believed to lead to positive karmic results and ultimately, to moksha. The Bhagavad Gita, spoken by Krishna (an avatar of Narayana), is a central text for understanding these concepts.

Avatars and Manifestations

Narayana manifests in various forms (avatars) to restore dharma, protect the virtuous, and destroy evil. The ten most well-known avatars (Dashavatara) are:

1. Matsya (Fish): Saves Manu (the progenitor of humanity) from a great flood.
2. Kurma (Tortoise): Supports Mount Mandara during the churning of the ocean to obtain the elixir of immortality.
3. Varaha (Boar): Rescues the Earth (Bhudevi) from the demon Hiranyaksha.
4. Narasimha (Lion-Man): Destroys the demon Hiranyakashipu, a devotee of Shiva, who persecuted his son Prahlad for his devotion to Vishnu.
5. Vamana (Dwarf): Outwits the benevolent demon king Bali and restores the three worlds to the gods.
6. Parashurama (Axe-Wielding Brahmin): A warrior who destroys tyrannical kings.
7. Rama (Prince of Ayodhya): The hero of the Ramayana, an ideal king and upholder of dharma. He defeats the demon king Ravana.
8. Krishna (Divine Statesman and Philosopher): A key figure in the Mahabharata, teacher of the Bhagavad Gita, and divine strategist.
9. Buddha (Enlightened One): While controversial in some traditions, Buddha is considered an avatar to end animal sacrifices.
10. Kalki (Future Incarnation): Predicted to appear at the end of the Kali Yuga (present age) to destroy evil and establish a new cycle of dharma.

Each avatar has a specific purpose and narrative, demonstrating Narayana’s active involvement in the affairs of the universe and humanity.

Symbols and Iconography

• Reclining on Shesha/Ananta: This is the most iconic depiction. Shesha represents eternity and the cosmic serpent upon which Narayana rests between cycles of creation. It symbolizes his transcendent nature.
• Four Arms: Symbolize his all-powerful nature and ability to control all aspects of existence.
• Shankha (Conch): Represents the sound of creation (Om) and is blown to announce victory and auspiciousness.
• Chakra (Discus): A powerful weapon representing the mind and cosmic law. It is used to destroy evil and maintain order.
• Gada (Mace): Symbolizes strength, authority, and the power to punish wrongdoers.
• Padma (Lotus): Represents purity, spiritual awakening, and the potential for creation. It signifies that Narayana is untainted by the material world.
• Yellow Garments (Pitambara): Represent the earth element and are associated with prosperity and auspiciousness.
• Kaustubha Mani (Jewel): A gem worn on his chest, symbolizing the pure consciousness.
• Garuda (Eagle): Narayana’s vahana (mount/vehicle), representing speed, power, and devotion.
• Lakshmi (Goddess of Prosperity): Often depicted by his side, representing abundance, beauty, and good fortune. She symbolizes the active energy of the universe, inseparable from the underlying consciousness represented by Narayana.

Temples and Worship

• Famous Temples:

  • Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam: One of the largest functioning Hindu temples in the world, dedicated to Ranganatha (a reclining form of Narayana).
  • Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Tirupati: Dedicated to Venkateswara (a form of Vishnu/Narayana), it is the most visited and wealthiest temple in the world.
  • Jagannath Temple, Puri: Famous for its annual Rath Yatra (chariot festival), dedicated to Jagannath (a form of Krishna/Narayana).
  • Badrinath Temple: Situated in the Himalayas, it is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites.

• Common Rituals, Festivals, and Prayers:

  • Puja: Daily worship involving offerings of flowers, incense, food, and prayers.
  • Bhajans and Kirtans: Devotional songs and chants praising Narayana.
  • Recitation of Vishnu Sahasranama: Considered highly auspicious.
  • Fasting (Ekadashi): Observing fasts on the eleventh day of each lunar fortnight, dedicated to Vishnu/Narayana.
  • Festivals: Major festivals associated with Narayana’s avatars, such as Rama Navami (Rama’s birth), Krishna Janmashtami (Krishna’s birth), and Vamana Jayanti (Vamana’s birth).
  • Yagnas and Homas: Vedic rituals involving fire offerings and chanting of mantras.

• Role in Daily Worship: Narayana is often invoked in daily prayers and rituals, especially by Vaishnavas. Mantras dedicated to him, such as “Om Namo Narayanaya,” are commonly chanted. His image or symbols are often kept in home shrines and worshipped with devotion.

Cultural Impact

• Influence on Indian Literature, Art, Dance, and Music: Narayana’s stories and iconography have profoundly influenced Indian art and culture. His avatars are central themes in numerous literary works, dramas, and dance forms. Classical dances like Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, and Kuchipudi often depict episodes from the Puranas related to Narayana and his avatars. Devotional music (bhajans and kirtans) dedicated to him are an integral part of Indian musical traditions. Visual arts depict Narayana reclining on Shesha, his avatars, and scenes from his mythological narratives.
• Representation in Modern Media: Narayana and his avatars continue to be depicted in modern media, including movies, television series, and literature. These portrayals often aim to educate audiences about Hindu mythology and philosophy. While depictions vary in artistic interpretation and accuracy, they contribute to the continued relevance and accessibility of Narayana’s stories in contemporary society.

Comparative Theology

• Comparisons with other deities (within Hinduism or across religions):

  • Brahma and Shiva: While Brahma creates and Shiva destroys, Narayana/Vishnu preserves and maintains the cosmic order. This reflects a cyclical view of creation, preservation, and destruction. Some traditions view these three deities as different aspects of the same ultimate reality.
  • Other forms of Vishnu: Narayana is often considered the primordial form of Vishnu from which other manifestations arise. These forms share similar attributes and roles but may be worshipped in different contexts or regions.
  • Across Religions: Parallels can be drawn with the concept of a supreme, sustaining God in other religions. However, the specific attributes, mythology, and devotional practices associated with Narayana are unique to Hinduism.

• Interpretations in different Hindu traditions:

  • Vaishnavism: Narayana is revered as the Supreme Being, the source of all creation and the ultimate object of devotion.
  • Shaivism: While Shaivites primarily worship Shiva, they often acknowledge Vishnu’s (and therefore Narayana’s) importance as a major deity and preserver. There are also syncretic traditions that view Shiva and Vishnu as different aspects of the same ultimate reality.
  • Shaktism: Shaktas primarily worship the Divine Feminine (Shakti). However, they often recognize Vishnu/Narayana as the consort of Lakshmi and an integral part of the cosmic order.

Philosophical Interpretations

• How the deity is interpreted by different schools of Hindu philosophy:
  • Vedanta: Advaita Vedanta sees Narayana as a manifestation of the attributeless Brahman. Vishishtadvaita Vedanta identifies Narayana with a qualified Brahman possessing attributes. Dvaita Vedanta maintains a distinction between Narayana and individual souls.
  • Samkhya: Samkhya philosophy, focusing on the duality of Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter), can interpret Narayana as representing the ultimate Purusha, the unchanging observer of the unfolding of Prakriti.
  • Bhakti: Bhakti schools emphasize devotion and love towards Narayana. They consider him a personal God to whom devotees can surrender and attain liberation.
• Role in spiritual practices and metaphysical ideas: Narayana is a central figure in many Hindu spiritual practices. Meditation on his form, chanting his name, and engaging in selfless service (karma yoga) are considered effective ways to attain spiritual growth and liberation. The concept of Narayana also informs metaphysical ideas about the nature of reality, the interconnectedness of all beings, and the cyclical nature of time and existence. He represents the ultimate ground of being, the source from which all things arise and to which all things return.