Kartikeya

Kartikeya: The God of War and Divine Commander

Introduction

Kartikeya, also widely known as Murugan, Skanda, Subramanya, and several other names, is a prominent Hindu deity revered primarily as the god of war and commander-in-chief of the celestial army. He is the son of Shiva and Parvati, and a significant figure in Hindu mythology, particularly in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Kartikeya is typically depicted as a youthful warrior, often riding a peacock (his vahana or vehicle), wielding a spear (vel), and embodying courage, strength, and wisdom. He is venerated as a protector, a guide, and an embodiment of divine power. His significance in Hinduism extends beyond his role as a warrior; he is seen as a symbol of overcoming obstacles, achieving self-realization, and upholding dharma (righteousness).

Key Attributes and Iconography:

• Youthful Appearance: Kartikeya is often portrayed as a young, handsome god.
• Peacock Vahana: The peacock symbolizes victory over ego and sensual desires.
• Vel (Spear): The vel represents divine knowledge, power, and the ability to pierce ignorance.
• Six Heads (in some depictions): Representing the six attributes: wisdom, detachment, strength, devotion, fame, and self-control.
• Multiple Arms: Holding various weapons and symbols of power.

Significance in Hinduism:

Kartikeya represents the martial aspect of the divine and is revered for his leadership, strategic prowess, and ability to vanquish evil forces. He is a popular deity among warriors, athletes, and those seeking strength and victory in all aspects of life. Beyond his martial aspects, Kartikeya is a symbol of celibacy, discipline, and devotion. He is viewed as a guide towards spiritual enlightenment, offering protection and guidance to his devotees.

Etymology and Names

Meaning and Origin of the Name:

The name “Kartikeya” is derived from “Krittika,” the Pleiades star cluster. According to some traditions, he was nurtured by the six Krittika nymphs (daughters of Brahma) after being born from Shiva’s seed. Therefore, he is often referred to as the “son of the Krittikas.”

Other Names and Titles (with Meanings):

• Murugan: Predominantly used in Tamil Nadu and Southeast Asia, possibly derived from “Muruku,” meaning beauty, youth, or divinity.
• Skanda: A Sanskrit name meaning “attacker,” “leaper,” or “one who is spilt/poured out,” referring to the circumstances of his birth.
• Subramanya: Meaning “dear to the Brahmins” or “well-disposed towards the pious.”
• Kumara: Meaning “youth,” “prince,” or “son.”
• Senapati: Meaning “commander of the army” or “general.”
• Shanmukha (also Shanmukham): Meaning “six-faced,” referring to his depictions with six faces. Each face representing a different aspect or power.
• Guha: Meaning “secret” or “hidden,” referring to the mysterious nature of the divine.
• Velan: A Tamil name associated with the spear (vel) he carries.

Mythological Origins

Birth or Manifestation Stories:

The birth stories of Kartikeya vary across different Puranas and regional traditions. However, the core narrative revolves around the need for a powerful commander to defeat the demon Tarakasura, who had gained immense power through severe penance and was causing havoc in the celestial realms.

• Agni and Ganga: In one version, Shiva’s seed, too potent for Parvati to bear, was transferred to Agni (the fire god), who then deposited it in the Ganga River. The Ganga, unable to contain the divine energy, deposited the seed on the banks, where Kartikeya was born.
• Shiva and Parvati: Some accounts directly attribute Kartikeya’s birth to the union of Shiva and Parvati, with the divine energy sometimes manifested in the form of sparks or a single radiant being.
• Combination of Energies: Certain traditions depict Kartikeya as an amalgamation of the energies of Shiva, Parvati, Agni, and Ganga, representing the totality of divine power required to overcome evil.

Lineage:

• Parents: Shiva (father) and Parvati (mother).
• Siblings: Ganesha is considered his elder brother.

Major Scriptures and References

Mentions in Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Epics (Mahabharata, Ramayana):

• Vedas: Direct mentions of Kartikeya are less frequent in the Vedas, but Agni, with whom Kartikeya is associated, is a prominent Vedic deity. Some scholars interpret Vedic hymns as containing allusions to the birth and significance of a divine warrior.
• Upanishads: Some Upanishads mention Skanda or Kumara as a manifestation of Brahman. The Skanda Upanishad is dedicated to him.
• Puranas: Kartikeya features prominently in various Puranas, including the Skanda Purana (the largest Purana, largely dedicated to his legends and worship), Shiva Purana, Brahma Purana, and others. These texts elaborate on his birth stories, his battles with demons, and his various aspects and manifestations.
• Epics: The Mahabharata contains detailed accounts of Kartikeya’s birth and his role as the commander of the gods’ army. He is also mentioned in the Ramayana, though less prominently.

Primary Source Texts or Hymns Associated with the God:

• Skanda Purana: The most comprehensive source for Kartikeya’s mythology and associated practices.
• Kandha Shashti Kavacham: A Tamil devotional hymn dedicated to Lord Murugan, recited for protection and blessings.
• Subrahmanya Bhujangam: A Sanskrit hymn composed by Adi Shankaracharya praising Subramanya.
• Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai: An ancient Tamil poem dedicated to Lord Murugan.

Roles and Functions

Cosmic Roles:

While not typically considered a primary creator, preserver, or destroyer like the Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva), Kartikeya’s cosmic role is significant.

• Protector: He is considered a protector of the righteous and a destroyer of evil.
• Divine Commander: His leadership in the battle against the demons signifies his role in maintaining cosmic order and balance.
• Guide: He guides devotees towards self-realization and spiritual liberation.

Association with Dharma, Karma, Moksha:

• Dharma: Kartikeya embodies dharma by upholding righteousness and fighting against injustice. His battles against demons represent the constant struggle between good and evil and the importance of adhering to moral principles.
• Karma: By adhering to his dharma, Kartikeya sets an example for devotees to follow the path of righteous action.
• Moksha: Through devotion to Kartikeya and adherence to dharma, one can attain moksha (liberation) from the cycle of birth and death.

Avatars and Manifestations

While Kartikeya is not generally considered to have avatars in the same way as Vishnu, he manifests in various forms and regional traditions that highlight different aspects of his divine nature. These aren’t strictly avatars, but rather specific manifestations or representations:

• Skanda: His primary form as the divine commander.
• Murugan: The Tamil manifestation, often associated with beauty, youth, and divine grace.
• Subramanya: A form revered across India, representing his connection to Brahmins and the pious.

These manifestations reflect different aspects of his divine qualities and are worshipped in accordance with regional traditions and beliefs.

Symbols and Iconography

Typical Depictions in Art:

• Appearance: Young, handsome, and adorned with divine ornaments. Often depicted with one, six, or twelve faces and multiple arms.
• Posture: Standing, riding his peacock, or in a battle stance.
• Weapons: Primarily the vel (spear), but also other weapons like the sword, shield, bow, and mace, symbolizing his martial prowess.
• Mount/Vehicle: The peacock (Paravani), symbolizing victory over ego, pride, and worldly desires.
• Attire: Dressed as a warrior, often wearing a crown and other royal ornaments.

Symbolic Meanings of Objects Held or Worn:

• Vel (Spear): Divine knowledge, power, and the ability to pierce through ignorance.
• Peacock: Represents overcoming ego, pride, and worldly attachments. Its iridescent feathers symbolize the diversity of the universe and the beauty of spiritual realization.
• Six Faces: Represent the six attributes: wisdom, detachment, strength, devotion, fame, and self-control. They can also represent the five senses and the mind, which must be controlled for spiritual progress.

Temples and Worship

Famous Temples in India and Around the World:

• Pazhani Murugan Temple (Tamil Nadu, India): One of the most important Murugan temples in South India, known for its deity made of Navapashanam (a combination of nine poisonous substances believed to have healing properties).
• Tiruchendur Murugan Temple (Tamil Nadu, India): Located on the seashore, associated with the battle between Murugan and Surapadman.
• Swamimalai Murugan Temple (Tamil Nadu, India): Dedicated to Murugan as the teacher (guru) of his father, Shiva.
• Thiruthani Murugan Temple (Tamil Nadu, India): Known for its beautiful hilltop location and association with Murugan’s marriage to Valli.
• Kataragama Temple (Sri Lanka): A multi-religious shrine revered by Hindus, Buddhists, and Muslims.
• Batu Caves (Malaysia): A popular Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Murugan, known for its towering statue and cave temples.

Common Rituals, Festivals, and Prayers:

• Soora Samharam: A festival celebrating Murugan’s victory over the demon Surapadman. The ritual involves enacting the battle and the symbolic destruction of the demon.
• Thaipusam: A major festival celebrated in Tamil communities worldwide, involving processions, kavadi offerings, and devotional acts of penance.
• Kandha Shashti: A six-day festival dedicated to Murugan, culminating in Soora Samharam.
• Skanda Shashti: Similar to Kandha Shashti, observed in other regions of India.
• Regular Pujas and Prayers: Daily or weekly pujas (worship rituals) are performed in Murugan temples, involving chanting mantras, offering flowers, incense, and food.

Role in Daily Worship and Community Rituals:

Murugan is worshipped in households and temples, with devotees seeking his blessings for strength, courage, and protection. His images and idols are often kept in homes, and prayers are offered regularly. Community rituals and festivals dedicated to Murugan bring people together, fostering a sense of unity and devotion.

Cultural Impact

Influence on Indian Literature, Art, Dance, and Music:

• Literature: Murugan’s stories and legends have inspired countless poems, songs, and literary works in various Indian languages, particularly in Tamil.
• Art: Depictions of Murugan are found in sculptures, paintings, and other art forms across India and Southeast Asia, reflecting his divine attributes and martial prowess.
• Dance: Classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi often depict episodes from Murugan’s life and legends.
• Music: Devotional songs and hymns dedicated to Murugan are an integral part of South Indian classical and folk music traditions.

Representation in Modern Media (Movies, Television, Literature):

Murugan continues to be a popular subject in modern media, with films, television shows, and literature often portraying his mythological stories and divine powers. These depictions help to keep his legends alive and relevant to contemporary audiences.

Comparative Theology

Comparisons with Other Deities:

• With Shiva: Kartikeya is considered a manifestation of Shiva’s power and martial aspect.
• With Ganesha: While they are brothers, Kartikeya is generally associated with strength and courage, while Ganesha is associated with wisdom and auspicious beginnings.
• With Indra: Kartikeya, as the commander of the celestial army, shares similarities with Indra, the Vedic king of the gods and a warrior deity.
• Across Religions: Some scholars draw parallels between Kartikeya and other warrior deities in different cultures, such as Ares/Mars in Greek and Roman mythology.

Interpretations in Different Hindu Traditions:

• Shaivism: Kartikeya is revered as a son of Shiva and an important deity in the Shaiva pantheon.
• Vaishnavism: While primarily associated with Shaivism, Kartikeya is also respected in some Vaishnava traditions, often considered an aspect of Vishnu’s divine power.
• Shaktism: Kartikeya is revered as the son of Parvati, the divine feminine energy, and is considered an important deity in Shaktism.

Philosophical Interpretations

How the Deity is Interpreted by Different Schools of Hindu Philosophy:

• Vedanta: In Advaita Vedanta, Kartikeya can be seen as a manifestation of Brahman, the ultimate reality, representing the power of knowledge and self-realization.
• Samkhya: Kartikeya’s role as a warrior and his control over his senses can be interpreted in the context of Samkhya philosophy, representing the triumph of Purusha (consciousness) over Prakriti (matter).
• Bhakti: In Bhakti traditions, Kartikeya is a beloved deity to whom devotees offer their love and devotion, seeking his blessings for strength, protection, and spiritual guidance.

Role in Spiritual Practices and Metaphysical Ideas:

Kartikeya’s worship is often associated with practices aimed at developing courage, self-discipline, and spiritual awareness. His symbols, such as the vel and the peacock, serve as reminders of the importance of overcoming ignorance and attachments in order to achieve spiritual liberation. He is a figure who embodies the potential for spiritual and martial excellence.