Dhanvantari

Dhanvantari: The Divine Physician and God of Ayurveda

Introduction

Dhanvantari is a revered Hindu deity and an avatar of Vishnu, primarily recognized as the god of Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. He is considered the divine physician who emerged during the churning of the cosmic ocean (Samudra Manthana), carrying the nectar of immortality (Amrita). Dhanvantari embodies the principles of healing, health, and longevity, and is deeply venerated by practitioners of Ayurveda and those seeking physical and spiritual well-being. His iconography typically depicts him as a handsome figure holding a pot of Amrita, symbolizing the power to alleviate suffering and grant eternal life. Dhanvantari’s significance in Hinduism lies in his role as the upholder of health and the dispeller of disease, representing a divine force dedicated to the welfare of humanity.

Etymology and Names

• Dhanvantari: The name “Dhanvantari” is derived from the Sanskrit words Dhanvan meaning “bow” or “archer,” and Tari meaning “deliverer” or “rescuer.” However, a more common interpretation links the name to Dhanus (the act of bow making or holding the bow), implying proficiency and skill, further associating him with mastery and divine competence. It suggests Dhanvantari as one who delivers or rescues through his expertise and mastery over healing.

• Other Names and Titles:

  • Sudhamurti: “One who holds the nectar of immortality (Sudha)”.
  • Amritakalasha Hastam: “The one who holds the pot (Kalasha) of Amrita in his hand.”
  • Ayurveda Devata: “The deity of Ayurveda.”
  • Devaraja: This term translates to “King of the Gods” highlighting his stature among the celestial beings and as a divine manifestation of Lord Vishnu.

Mythological Origins

Dhanvantari’s birth or manifestation is primarily associated with the Samudra Manthana, the churning of the cosmic ocean, a prominent narrative in Hindu mythology.

• Samudra Manthana: According to the Puranas, the Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons) collaborated to churn the ocean of milk (Kshira Sagara) to obtain Amrita. As the churning progressed, various divine objects and beings emerged, including Lakshmi (the goddess of prosperity), the celestial elephant Airavata, and finally, Dhanvantari. He rose from the ocean holding a pot filled with Amrita, signifying his role as the divine physician and bestower of immortality. The struggle for the nectar between the Devas and Asuras led to further events, but Dhanvantari’s appearance marked a turning point in the quest for eternal life and well-being.

• Lineage: Dhanvantari is considered an avatar of Vishnu, one of the principal deities in the Hindu trinity (Trimurti). While the details of his parentage in this particular avatar are less emphasized compared to other avatars of Vishnu like Rama or Krishna, his connection to Vishnu establishes his divine lineage and reinforces his role as a preserver and protector of life. Some texts also refer to him as a descendant of Bharadwaja, a renowned sage and scholar, further linking him to the lineage of Ayurvedic knowledge and wisdom. He is sometimes considered a son of Dirghatamas, a Vedic sage.

Major Scriptures and References

• Vedas: While direct references to Dhanvantari in the Rigveda are limited, certain hymns allude to healing deities and the importance of health, laying the foundation for the later development of Ayurvedic principles.

• Puranas: The Puranas, particularly the Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu Purana, and Agni Purana, provide detailed accounts of Dhanvantari’s emergence from the Samudra Manthana and his association with Ayurveda. These texts elaborate on his role as the divine physician and the guardian of health and longevity.

• Ayurvedic Texts: The Sushruta Samhita, an ancient Sanskrit text on surgery and medicine, contains invocations to Dhanvantari and recognizes him as the source of Ayurvedic knowledge. Charaka Samhita, the other important classic of Ayurveda also makes references of Dhanvantari as the divine source of Ayurvedic principles.

• Dhanvantari Stotram: Several hymns and prayers dedicated to Dhanvantari are recited by practitioners of Ayurveda and those seeking healing. The Dhanvantari Stotram is a popular devotional text that praises his divine qualities and seeks his blessings for health and well-being.

Roles and Functions

Dhanvantari’s primary role is that of the divine physician and the god of Ayurveda. His functions extend beyond mere physical healing and encompass the overall well-being of individuals.

• Guardian of Health: He is considered the guardian of health, responsible for maintaining the balance of the body’s doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) and preventing diseases.

• Bestower of Longevity: As the holder of the Amrita, Dhanvantari bestows longevity and vitality upon his devotees. His blessings are sought for a long and healthy life.

• Dispeller of Disease: He is believed to have the power to cure all kinds of diseases, both physical and mental. Ayurvedic practitioners invoke his name before administering treatments and medications.

• Upholder of Dharma: By promoting health and well-being, Dhanvantari contributes to the upholding of dharma (righteousness). A healthy individual is better equipped to fulfill their duties and contribute to society.

• Liberation: The pursuit of health under Dhanvantari’s guidance can eventually lead to spiritual health and Moksha.

Avatars and Manifestations

Besides his appearance during the Samudra Manthana, Dhanvantari is believed to have taken other avatars or incarnations to propagate Ayurvedic knowledge and benefit humanity.

• King Dhanvantari of Kashi: According to some traditions, Dhanvantari incarnated as a king in the ancient city of Kashi (Varanasi). This incarnation is considered a key figure in the development and systematization of Ayurveda. He is credited with teaching and spreading the principles of Ayurvedic medicine.

• Divodasa: Another manifestation of Dhanvantari is believed to be King Divodasa of Kashi, an important figure in the history of Ayurveda.

These avatars demonstrate Dhanvantari’s continued commitment to guiding humanity towards health, longevity, and well-being through the principles of Ayurveda.

Symbols and Iconography

Dhanvantari’s iconography is rich in symbolism, reflecting his divine attributes and his role as the god of Ayurveda.

• Appearance: He is typically depicted as a handsome and youthful figure with a serene expression, symbolizing his compassionate nature and healing abilities.

• Four Arms: Most often, Dhanvantari is depicted with four arms, each holding specific objects that symbolize his powers and attributes.

• Objects Held:

  • Amrita Kalasha (Pot of Nectar): The most prominent symbol is the pot filled with Amrita, representing the elixir of immortality and the power to heal and rejuvenate.
  • Shankha (Conch): The conch shell symbolizes the sacred sound of Om, representing the power of sound vibrations in healing. It also represents purity and auspiciousness.
  • Chakra (Discus): The discus is a symbol of divine power and protection, representing Dhanvantari’s ability to destroy diseases and negative energies.
  • Jalauka (Leech): Some depictions also have him hold a leech which symbolizes the bloodletting purification treatment that is part of Ayurveda.

• Clothing and Ornaments: He is often adorned with royal garments and ornaments, signifying his divine status and his role as a king.

• Posture: He is usually depicted standing or sitting in a dignified and graceful posture, reflecting his divine poise and authority.

Temples and Worship

Dhanvantari is worshipped in temples and homes across India and in Hindu communities around the world.

• Famous Temples:

  • Dhanvantari Temple, Kerala: Several temples in Kerala are dedicated to Dhanvantari, where devotees offer prayers for health and healing.
  • Dhanvantari Temple, Tamil Nadu: Temples in Tamil Nadu also venerate Dhanvantari as the divine physician.

• Common Rituals, Festivals, and Prayers:

  • Dhanteras: Dhanteras, celebrated on the thirteenth lunar day of Krishna Paksha (dark fortnight) in the month of Kartika, is a festival dedicated to Dhanvantari. It marks the beginning of Diwali celebrations and is considered an auspicious day for purchasing medicines, utensils, and gold.
  • Dhanvantari Jayanti: Dhanvantari Jayanti, also known as National Ayurveda Day in India, is celebrated on the same day as Dhanteras and commemorates the birth of Dhanvantari.
  • Prayers and Offerings: Devotees offer prayers, flowers, fruits, and medicinal herbs to Dhanvantari, seeking his blessings for health and well-being.
  • Recitation of Mantras: The Dhanvantari mantra is chanted for healing and protection from diseases.

• Role in Daily Worship and Community Rituals:

  • Ayurvedic practitioners often invoke Dhanvantari’s name before starting their day or administering treatments.
  • In some communities, Dhanvantari is worshipped during ceremonies related to childbirth and healing rituals.

Cultural Impact

Dhanvantari’s influence extends beyond religious worship and has left a significant mark on Indian culture and society.

• Influence on Indian Literature, Art, Dance, and Music:

  • Dhanvantari is a prominent figure in Ayurvedic texts, Puranas, and other literary works.
  • He is often depicted in sculptures, paintings, and other forms of art, reflecting his divine image and symbolic attributes.
  • Certain classical dances and musical compositions are dedicated to Dhanvantari, celebrating his healing powers.

• Representation in Modern Media (Movies, Television, Literature):

  • Dhanvantari’s story and iconography have been featured in television serials, films, and documentaries on Hindu mythology and Ayurveda.
  • He continues to be a source of inspiration for modern-day Ayurvedic practitioners and health enthusiasts.

Comparative Theology

Dhanvantari’s role as the divine physician can be compared to similar healing deities or figures in other religious traditions.

• Comparisons with other deities (within Hinduism or across religions):

  • Asclepius (Greek Mythology): Asclepius was the Greek god of medicine, healing, and physicians, much like Dhanvantari in Hinduism.
  • Bhaisajyaguru (Buddhism): Bhaisajyaguru, also known as the Medicine Buddha, is revered in Buddhism as the healer of illnesses and the source of medicinal knowledge.
  • Other Healing Deities: Many cultures and religions have their own deities or figures associated with healing and medicine, reflecting the universal human need for health and well-being.

• Interpretations in different Hindu traditions (e.g., Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism):

  • In Vaishnavism, Dhanvantari is primarily recognized as an avatar of Vishnu, emphasizing his role as a preserver and protector.
  • In Shaivism, he is sometimes associated with Shiva as the lord of healing and medicine.
  • In Shaktism, he may be viewed as a manifestation of the divine feminine energy (Shakti) that sustains life and health.

Philosophical Interpretations

Dhanvantari’s role as the divine physician and god of Ayurveda offers several philosophical interpretations.

• How the deity is interpreted by different schools of Hindu philosophy (Vedanta, Samkhya, Bhakti, etc.):

  • Vedanta: From a Vedantic perspective, Dhanvantari’s role represents the ultimate reality (Brahman) manifesting as the healer and sustainer of life.
  • Samkhya: In Samkhya philosophy, Dhanvantari’s healing power can be seen as the balance of Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter) to maintain health.
  • Bhakti: From a Bhakti perspective, Dhanvantari is a compassionate deity who responds to the prayers of devotees, providing healing and protection.

• Role in spiritual practices and metaphysical ideas:

  • Health as a Foundation: Dhanvantari emphasizes the importance of health as a foundation for spiritual progress. A healthy body and mind are essential for pursuing spiritual practices and realizing one’s true nature.
  • Holistic Approach: The Ayurvedic principles associated with Dhanvantari promote a holistic approach to health, considering the interconnectedness of the body, mind, and spirit.
  • Karma and Healing: Some philosophical interpretations link Dhanvantari’s healing power to the concept of karma, suggesting that healing can occur through the purification of negative karma and the cultivation of positive qualities.

In conclusion, Dhanvantari stands as a central figure in Hinduism, particularly revered within the context of Ayurveda. His divine origin, symbolic representation, and cultural significance solidify his position as the god of medicine, health, and longevity. Worshipped in temples, celebrated through festivals, and invoked in daily practices, Dhanvantari embodies the principles of healing and the pursuit of well-being, offering a path to physical and spiritual health.